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A 15-year-old in Durham is picked up after a fight near a bus stop and taken to the police station. An officer wants to ask questions. North Carolina has its own rules for this moment, and some of them are stronger than federal law. They depend on one number: your age.
Who goes to juvenile court in North Carolina
Juvenile court in North Carolina is part of district court. Under state law (G.S. 7B-1501), a 'delinquent juvenile' (a young person found to have broken a law) is usually someone who was at least 10 and under 18 when the act happened. Children who are 8 or 9 can be brought in mainly for serious felonies.
At 16 and 17 there are big exceptions. Traffic and motor vehicle offenses go to adult court. So do the most serious felonies, the ones the law calls Class A through E. Younger teens charged with serious felonies can also be moved to superior court (the adult trial court) after a hearing.
In In re Gault (1967), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a young person in juvenile court has real constitutional rights, including notice of the charges, a lawyer, and the right not to incriminate yourself.
What police must tell you before questioning
If you are under 18 and in custody (not free to leave), North Carolina law (G.S. 7B-2101) says police must tell you four things before they question you. You have the right to stay silent. Anything you say can be used against you. You have the right to have a parent, guardian, or custodian with you. You have the right to talk with a lawyer, and one will be appointed if you want one.
If you are under 16, the rule is stronger. A confession or admission you make in custody cannot be used in court unless a parent, guardian, custodian, or your lawyer was there. A parent cannot give up your rights for you.
If you are 16 or 17 and ask for a parent, police must make a reasonable effort to reach one. At any age, if you say you do not want to answer more questions, the officer must stop.
Erasing a juvenile record after 18
North Carolina calls it 'expunction' (having the court destroy the records of a case). Under G.S. 7B-3200, you can ask for it once you turn 18, in the court that handled your case.
For a delinquency case, the offense cannot have been a Class A through E felony. You must be out of juvenile court supervision for at least 18 months, with no new adjudication or conviction other than a traffic violation. You also need sworn statements from two people, not related to you or to each other, who say you have a good reputation. The district attorney gets 10 days to object, and a judge decides at a hearing.
What to do, and where to get help
If police want to question you, stay calm and polite. Say clearly that you want your parent and a lawyer before you answer. You are allowed to. Then stop talking until they arrive.
In a juvenile case, the court appoints a lawyer if you do not have one. Public defense in North Carolina is run by the Office of Indigent Defense Services, which lists local public defender offices at ncids.org.
If your town has a youth curfew, it is a local ordinance (a city or county rule), not a state law. Look up your own city or county code, and check the exception for work.
Запомните
- North Carolina juvenile court usually covers ages 10 to 17, but at 16 and 17 traffic offenses and Class A to E felonies go to adult court.
- Before questioning anyone under 18 in custody, police must explain the right to silence, a parent, and a lawyer.
- Under 16, a statement made in custody cannot be used unless a parent, guardian, custodian, or lawyer was present.
- At 18 you can ask the court to expunge most juvenile records, after 18 months without new trouble.
Источники
- North Carolina General Assembly: G.S. 7B-1501, definitions (delinquent juvenile) (открывается в новой вкладке)
- North Carolina General Assembly: G.S. 7B-2101, interrogation procedures (открывается в новой вкладке)
- North Carolina General Assembly: G.S. 7B-3200, expunction of juvenile records (открывается в новой вкладке)
- Cornell Legal Information Institute: In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) (открывается в новой вкладке)
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